Israeli officers obtained Hamas’s battle plan for the Oct. 7 terrorist assault greater than a yr earlier than it occurred, paperwork, emails and interviews present. But Israeli navy and intelligence officers dismissed the plan as aspirational, contemplating it too troublesome for Hamas to hold out.
The roughly 40-page doc, which the Israeli authorities code-named “Jericho Wall,” outlined, level by level, precisely the form of devastating invasion that led to the deaths of about 1,200 individuals.
The translated doc, which was reviewed by The New York Times, didn’t set a date for the assault, however described a methodical assault designed to overwhelm the fortifications across the Gaza Strip, take over Israeli cities and storm key navy bases, together with a division headquarters.
Hamas adopted the blueprint with surprising precision. The doc referred to as for a barrage of rockets on the outset of the assault, drones to knock out the safety cameras and automatic machine weapons alongside the border, and gunmen to pour into Israel en masse in paragliders, on bikes and on foot — all of which occurred on Oct. 7.
The plan additionally included particulars in regards to the location and dimension of Israeli navy forces, communication hubs and different delicate info, elevating questions on how Hamas gathered its intelligence and whether or not there have been leaks contained in the Israeli safety institution.
The doc circulated extensively amongst Israeli navy and intelligence leaders, however consultants decided that an assault of that scale and ambition was past Hamas’s capabilities, in accordance with paperwork and officers. It is unclear whether or not Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu or different prime political leaders noticed the doc, as effectively.
Last yr, shortly after the doc was obtained, officers within the Israeli navy’s Gaza division, which is chargeable for defending the border with Gaza, stated that Hamas’s intentions have been unclear.
“It is not yet possible to determine whether the plan has been fully accepted and how it will be manifested,” learn a navy evaluation reviewed by The Times.
Then, in July, simply three months earlier than the assaults, a veteran analyst with Unit 8200, Israel’s alerts intelligence company, warned that Hamas had performed an intense, daylong training exercise that appeared much like what was outlined within the blueprint.
But a colonel within the Gaza division dismissed her considerations, in accordance with encrypted emails considered by The Times.
“I utterly refute that the scenario is imaginary,” the analyst wrote within the electronic mail exchanges. The Hamas training exercise, she stated, absolutely matched “the content of Jericho Wall.”
“It is a plan designed to start a war,” she added. “It’s not just a raid on a village.”
Officials privately concede that, had the navy taken these warnings significantly and redirected important reinforcements to the south, the place Hamas attacked, Israel might have blunted the assaults or presumably even prevented them.
Instead, the Israeli navy was unprepared as terrorists streamed out of the Gaza Strip. It was the deadliest day in Israel’s historical past.
Israeli safety officers have already acknowledged that they failed to guard the nation, and the federal government is predicted to assemble a fee to review the occasions main as much as the assaults. The Jericho Wall doc lays naked a yearslong cascade of missteps that culminated in what officers now regard because the worst Israeli intelligence failure for the reason that shock assault that led to the Arab-Israeli warfare of 1973.
Underpinning all these failures was a single, fatally inaccurate perception that Hamas lacked the potential to assault and wouldn’t dare to take action. That perception was so ingrained within the Israeli authorities, officers stated, that they disregarded rising proof on the contrary.
The Israeli navy and the Israeli Security Agency, which is accountable for counterterrorism in Gaza, declined to remark.
Officials wouldn’t say how they obtained the Jericho Wall doc, but it surely was amongst a number of variations of assault plans collected over time. A 2016 Defense Ministry memorandum considered by The Times, for instance, says, “Hamas intends to move the next confrontation into Israeli territory.”
Such an assault would most definitely contain hostage-taking and “occupying an Israeli community (and perhaps even a number of communities),” the memo reads.
The Jericho Wall doc, named for the traditional fortifications within the modern-day West Bank, was much more express. It detailed rocket assaults to distract Israeli troopers and ship them hurrying into bunkers, and drones to disable the flowery safety measures alongside the border fence separating Israel and Gaza.
Hamas fighters would then break via 60 factors within the wall, storming throughout the border into Israel. The doc begins with a quote from the Quran: “Surprise them through the gate. If you do, you will certainly prevail.”
The similar phrase has been extensively utilized by Hamas in its movies and statements since Oct. 7.
One of crucial aims outlined within the doc was to overrun the Israeli navy base in Re’im, which is dwelling to the Gaza division chargeable for defending the area. Other bases that fell beneath the division’s command have been additionally listed.
Hamas carried out that goal on Oct. 7, rampaging via Re’im and overrunning components of the bottom.
The audacity of the blueprint, officers stated, made it straightforward to underestimate. All militaries write plans that they by no means use, and Israeli officers assessed that, even when Hamas invaded, it would muster a pressure of a few dozen, not the a whole lot who in the end attacked.
Israel had additionally misinterpret Hamas’s actions. The group had negotiated for permits to permit Palestinians to work in Israel, which Israeli officers took as a signal that Hamas was not searching for a warfare.
But Hamas had been drafting assault plans for a few years, and Israeli officers had gotten maintain of earlier iterations of them. What might have been an intelligence coup become one of many worst miscalculations in Israel’s 75-year historical past.
In September 2016, the protection minister’s workplace compiled a top-secret memorandum primarily based on a a lot earlier iteration of a Hamas assault plan. The memorandum, which was signed by the protection minister on the time, Avigdor Lieberman, stated that an invasion and hostage-taking would “lead to severe damage to the consciousness and morale of the citizens of Israel.”
The memo, which was considered by The Times, stated that Hamas had bought refined weapons, GPS jammers and drones. It additionally stated that Hamas had elevated its combating pressure to 27,000 individuals — having added 6,000 to its ranks in a two-year interval. Hamas had hoped to succeed in 40,000 by 2020, the memo decided.
Last yr, after Israel obtained the Jericho Wall doc, the navy’s Gaza division drafted its personal intelligence evaluation of this newest invasion plan.
Hamas had “decided to plan a new raid, unprecedented in its scope,” analysts wrote within the evaluation reviewed by The Times. It stated that Hamas supposed to hold out a deception operation adopted by a “large-scale maneuver” with the purpose of overwhelming the division.
But the Gaza division referred to the plan as a “compass.” In different phrases, the division decided that Hamas knew the place it wished to go however had not arrived there but.
On July 6, 2023, the veteran Unit 8200 analyst wrote to a group of different intelligence consultants that dozens of Hamas commandos had lately performed training exercises, with senior Hamas commanders observing.
The training included a dry run of capturing down Israeli plane and taking on a kibbutz and a navy training base, killing all of the cadets. During the exercise, Hamas fighters used the identical phrase from the Quran that appeared on the prime of the Jericho Wall assault plan, she wrote within the electronic mail exchanges considered by The Times.
The analyst warned that the drill intently adopted the Jericho Wall plan, and that Hamas was building the capability to hold it out.
The colonel within the Gaza division applauded the evaluation however stated the exercise was a part of a “totally imaginative” situation, not a sign of Hamas’s means to tug it off.
“In short, let’s wait patiently,” the colonel wrote.
The back-and-forth continued, with some colleagues supporting the analyst’s unique conclusion. Soon, she invoked the teachings of the 1973 warfare, by which Syrian and Egyptian armies overran Israeli defenses. Israeli forces regrouped and repelled the invasion, however the intelligence failure has lengthy served as a lesson for Israeli safety officers.
“We already underwent a similar experience 50 years ago on the southern front in connection with a scenario that seemed imaginary, and history may repeat itself if we are not careful,” the analyst wrote to her colleagues.
While ominous, not one of the emails predicted that warfare was imminent. Nor did the analyst problem the traditional knowledge amongst Israeli intelligence officers that Yahya Sinwar, the chief of Hamas, was not all in favour of warfare with Israel. But she accurately assessed that Hamas’s capabilities had drastically improved. The hole between the potential and the aspirational had narrowed considerably.
The failures to attach the dots echoed one other analytical failure greater than twenty years in the past, when the American authorities additionally had a number of indications that the terrorist group Al Qaeda was making ready an assault. The Sept. 11, 2001, assaults on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon have been largely a failure of study and creativeness, a government commission concluded.
“The Israeli intelligence failure on Oct. 7 is sounding more and more like our 9/11,” stated Ted Singer, a lately retired senior C.I.A. official who labored extensively within the Middle East. “The failure will be a gap in analysis to paint a convincing picture to military and political leadership that Hamas had the intention to launch the attack when it did.”
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